Historically, Western assessments of cyber threats have concentrated on state adversaries. More than 600 state-backed groups are tracked globally. Yet, for more than a decade, Western analyses and discussions of cyber threat concerns have focused mainly on four states: China, Iran, Russia and North Korea. Based on open-source reporting evaluated by the European Repository of Cyber Incidents (EuRepoC), these countries account for more than 70 per cent of the state-backed threats that Europe and its partners have faced since 2000.